Clarinet in b flat.major second lower.aka three semitones.
Clarinet in a.minor third lower.aka three semitone.
Bass clarinet in b flat. Octave plus major second lower.
English horn.aka cor anglais.perfect fifth lower.seven semitone.
Double bassoon/double bass.an octave lower
Piccolo. An octave higher.
Horn in f.perfect fifth. Seven semitone.French horn.
Horn in e flat.major sixth lower.nine semitone.
Horn in d.major seventh lower.eleven semitone.
Horn in c.octave lower.
Horn in g.perfect fourth lower aka five semitones lower.
Horn in a.minor third lower.
Horn in e.minor sixth lower.
French horn aka horn in f .perfect fifth lower.
Trumpet in a.minor third.
Any shit in a normally lower minor third.
Trumpet b flat and other shit in b flat major second lower.
Trumpet in d major second higher.

KERJASAMA ANTARA KAUM KE ARAH KEMERDEKAAN

Pada peringkat awalnya, Jawatankuasa Hubungan antara Kaum aka CLC ini hanya dianggotai oleh kaum Melayu dan Cina. Orang Melayu yang diwakili oleh UMNO diketuai oleh dato onn jaafar manakala orang Cina yang diwakili MCA diketuai oleh Tun tan chenglok. Mulai bulan Ogos 1949 CLC turut dianggotai oleh seorang wakil iaitu daripada kaum india, ceylon, serani dan eropah. Pengerusi clc ialah dato eec thuraisingam penasihatnya ialah sir malcomn mac donald gabenor jeneral asia tenggara.perundingantelahdijalankan selama hampir dua tahun dalam rundingan tersebut umno telah mengemukakan memorandumnya mempertahankan ketuanan melayu

Kekayaan ekonomi sarawak mendorong penjajahan keluarga brooke.

• Sebelum kedatangan Birtish, sarawak diletakkan di bawah kekuasaan Kesultanan Brunei.
• Sarawak kaya dengan sumber alam. Ini menyebabkan James brooke berusaha untuk menguasainya.
• James Brooke berpeluang menguasai Sarawak setelah beliau berjaya menamatkan pemberontakan rakyat tempatan terhadap pemerintahan wakil Kesultanan Brunei.
• Sebelum kurun ke19, Sarawak diletakkan di bawah pengaruh Kesultanan Brunei.
• Sultan Brunei membahagikan Sarawak kepada beberapa daerah dan melantik ketua tempatan di kalangan orang Melayu dan orang Dayak untuk mentadbir daerah tersebut.
• Ketua tempatan digelar Menteri Darat, Temenggung atau Orang Kaya.

• Water is one of the basic necessites for all living organisms.
• Pure water is a liquid that has no taste, colour or smell.
• Water is unique because it can exist as a solid, liquid or gas.
• Freezing point of water-When water in liquid from is cooled to a certain temperature, it turns into ice which is in solid form/
• The freezing point of water is the temperature at which water turns into ice under normal atmospheric pressure.
• The freezing point of pure water is 0celcius.
• The freezing point of water can be explained using the kinetic theory of meeter.
• Metter which is made up of discrete particles exists in three states.
• The arrangement and movement of particles are different in ice water and water vapour.
• In the liquid state, the particles are not arranged closely to one another. There are spaces between the particles and the particles can move freely.
• When water is cooled, it loses heat to the environment. As the particles lose energy. Their movement becomes slower.
• As the particles keep losing energy, they arrange themselves closely to one another.At this point, the water has reached the freezing point
• The temperature remains at 0 celcius until all the water changes into ice.
• When water freezes completely, the temperature starts to decrease.
• Boiling point of water- the temperature at which pure water boil

water treatment plant: chapter 5 form 2

• Reservoir
• River water is pumped into a reservoir and kept for several days
• Sunlight treatment process involves several stages
• 
  
• Screening
• The water is pumped into the screening tank from the reservoir
• The metal screen removes large objects such as fish, twigs, branches and rubbish
• 
  
• Aeration
• Water is pumped upwards to dissolve the oxygen in air.
• This will also get rid of unpleasant smell and taste
• 
  
• Coagulation
• Water is then pumped into the coagulation tank
• slaked lime calcium hydroxide and ulum aluminium sulphate are added
• Alum coagulates suspended particles such as mud, soil and other particles to form larger solid lumps
• Slake lime calcium hydroxide reduces the acidity of the water
• .
• Mixing
• The water flows into the mixing tank
• this is to enable the chemicals added to be mixed properly
• .
• Sedimention
• The water then flows very slowly into the sendimentation tank.
• The coagulated particles sink to the bottom of the tank.
• Valves help to discard the coagulated particles at the bottom of the tank
• The cleaner water is allowed to flow to the filtration tank
• .
• Filtration
• In the filtration tank, sand and stone filters are used to remove the remaining suspended particles.
• The product is cleaner water which is free from solid impurities.
• .
• chlorination and fluoridation
• A small amount of chlorine is added to the water to kill some harmful microorganisms.
• Some flouride compound is also added to the water. Flouride helps to prevent dental decay.
• 
  

Description of plant excretory products

Gum- From acacia tree trunk and for making sweets.

Latex- From rubber tree stem and for making tyres.

Oil- from palm fruit, rose petal. for making medicated oil.

Quinine- from cinchona bark and for treating malaria.

Resin-From pine tree stem and for making varnish.

Tannin- From tea leaves and for making ink.

form 3, chapter 3, excretion

• Excretion is a process of eliminating metabolic waste products from the body.
• The human excretory system comprises of three major organs which are the skin, lung and kidneys.
• The sin and kidneys excrete water, urea and mineral salts while the lungs excrete water and carbon dioxide.
• Excretion is very important to humans.
• The human urinary system comprises of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
• The kidneys filter the blood.
• The kidney consists of the capsule, cortex, medulla and pelvis.
• Kidney problems cause an increase of excretory products and toxic substances in the blood.
• Diabetes is a condition tat occurs when the glucose level in the body is very high.
• We are encouraged to drink a lot o water to assist in eliminating toxic substances such as urea.
• Kidney failure can be treated by dialysis or kidney transplant.
• Plants do not have special excretory organs.
• Plants eliminate carbon dioxide and water during respiration while oxygen is eliminated during photosynthesis.
• Excretory products of plants include complex substances such as resin and latex.
• Complex substances are stored in the leaves, fruits, flowers and stem. The complex substances are eliminated when these parts fall off.
• Some excretory products from plants are beneficial while some are dangerous.
• Most of the harmful excretory products of plants are from the alkaloid group.

form 3, chapter 4, reproduction (summary) (exclude plant part)

• Living organisms organisms reproduce to continue their generation.
• There are two types of reproductions.
• Sexual reproduction is the production of new individuals by organisms that involves gametes.
• Fertilization is the fusion of the nuclei of male and female gametes to produce a zygote
• Internal fertilization is a fertilization within the female body while external fertilization occurs outside the body of the female.
• Most multicellular organisms such as humans carry out sexual reproduction.
• Most simple organisms carry out asexual reproduction.
• Asexual reproduction involves only one parent without gametes.
• The types of asexual reproduction are binary fission, budding, spore formation, vegetative reproduction, and regeneration.
• The male reproductive system is made up of the testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, seminal vesicles, urethra and penis.
• The testes which are protected by the scrotum produce sperms.
• The sperm duct carries the sperms to the urethra.
• The seminal vesicle produces fluid rich in nutrient for the sperms.
• The urethra removes the semen and urine separately from the body.
• The penis ejaculates the semen into the vagina during the sexual intercourse.
• From the vagina, the sperms swim toward the fallopian tube.
• If a mature ovum is present in the fallopian tubes, fertilization occurs by only one sperm.
• The fertilized ovum which is now called the zygote moves along the fallopian tube towards the uterus and implants itself to the thick lining of the uterus.
• At the age of 12-14, a boy reaches puberty.This means that the testes start producing sperms and male sex hormone. The hormone is responsible for the growth as well as physical and emotional changes during puberty.
• The physical changes include growth of beard and mustache, growth of hair at the public region, armpits and chest, development of muscular body, the penis grows bigger and the voice breaks.
• The female reproductive system is made up of ovaries, fallopian tubes (oviducts), uterus and vagina.
• The ovary produces the ovum and sex hormones.
• THe fertilization of ovum to produce a zygote occurs in the fallopian tubes.
• The implantation of a zygote to become an embyro and then a foetus, occurs in the uterus,
• During childbirth, the cervix widens to allow the foetus to move to the vagina.
• The functions of the vagina are to receive sperms and as the birth canal.
• The ovum which is the biggest cell in humans is not mobile.
• Ovulation is the production of an ovum by the ovary.
• When a girl reaches puberty at the age of 11-13, the ovaries start producing ovum and sex hormones.
• The physical changes in females during puberty are the breast become bigger, the hips grows wider and growth of hair at the public regions and armpits.
• When an ovum is released by the ovary, the wall of the uterus becomes thick, spongy and full of blood vessels.
• The unfertilized egg together with the lining of the uterus break down and come out as the menses during menstruation.
• If the ovum is fertilized, the zygote moves and implants itself into the wall of the uterus.
• Oxygen, nutrients and antibodies diffuse from the blood of the mother to the foetus through the placenta.
• The umbilical cord connects the foetus to the placenta.
• Carbon dioxide and other waste products of the foetus are excreted through the blood of the mother.
• The amniotic fluid protects the foetus from physical shock. The pregnancy period is about 9 months.
• Pregnant women must consume a healthy diet rich in proteins, minerals and vitamins.
• Harmful substances such as cigarette, alcohol and drugs must be avoided because they are harmful to the mother as well as to the foetus.
• Sterility(infertility) is the inability to produce offspring.
• Sterility can be overcome by several ways such as surgery, drug treatment and assisted reproductive technology.
• Birth control can be done either through temporary or permanent methods.
• Temporary contraceptive methods include using spermicides, condoms and diaphragms.
• Permanent contraceptive methods include vasectomy and ligation.
• The development of research on human reproduction helps infertile couples to have their own child.

form 3, chapter 4, reproduction (summary) plant part

• The flower is the sexual reproductive organ of flowering plants.
• A flower is made up of sepals, petals ,stamen and pistil.
• The stamen which consists of the anther and the filament is the male reproductive part. The ovary produces ovule.
• A bisexual flower contains both the female and male reproductive part.
• A unisexual flower contains either the male or female reproductive part.
• Agents of pollination are insects, wind and water.
• There are two types of pollination which are self pollination and cross pollination.
• Cross pollination is used extensively in agriculture to produce better plants that give higher yields and are more resistant to diseases.
• In plants, fertilization occurs when the nucleus of the male gamete from the pollen grain fuses with the nucleus of the female gamete in the ovule.
• After fertilization, the ovule becomes the seed, the ovary becomes the fruit while the sepals, petals and stamen die and fall off.
• A seed which consists of a testa, micropyle, hilum, plumule, radicle and cotyledon germinate to produce a new plant.
• A germinating seed needs water, oxygen and warmth.
• There are two types of germination which are epigeal and hypogeal germination.
• In epigeal germination, the cotyledons are brought up above the soil surface. In hypogeal germination, the cotyledons remain in the soil.
• Some flowering plants reproduce vegetatively through the stems, leaves or root.
• The different types of vegetative reproduction are through the runner(Grass, sweet potato, strawberry), stem cuttings (tapioca and sugarcane) ,Leaf (bryophyllum and begonia) Sucker (bamboo and banana_, Rhizome (Ginger and lotus), Bulb(onion and lily), Corm (Yam plant and turnip), and Tuber (Potato)
• The ability of plants to reproduce vegetatively contributes to the development of the tissue culture technique.

Form 3, chapter 5, growth (summary)

• Growth is defined as an increase in size, the number of cells, changes in shape and function of an organism.
• Growth in unicellular organisms only involves increase in mass or size.
• In multi cellular organisms, growth involves cell divisions, cell growth and cell differentiation to form new tissues and organs.
• The growth in multicellular organisms are permanent and irreversible.
• Human growth can be divided into infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age.
• Growth rate differs at each stage.
• There are differences between growth rate of males and females.
• Girl normally reach puberty at the age of 12 years, while boys usually reach puberty at the age of 14 years.
• Females reach maximum growth earlier than males.
• Males have a longer period for physical growth compared to females.
• A balanced diet with proper nutrition is important for children to have healthy mental and physical growth.
• Carbohydrates and fats are essential to provide sufficient energy for active children and teenagers.
• Proteins are needed to repair damaged tissues and also for growth.
• A continuos lack of protein causes kwashiokor.
• Calcium is needed to build healthy bones and teeth.
• Rickets is a disease caused by a lack of calcium.
• The formation of healthy haemoglobin in red blood cells requires iron.
• Anaemia can be caused by insufficient iron in the body.
• Good health can be maintained with the help of vitamins.
• 
  

form 3 chapter 6, the land and its resources (summary)

• The Earth's crust contains elements and compounds of minerals that exist naturally.
• Mierals are inactive element as they do not react with other elements easily.
• Compounds minerals are normally made up of metals and non-metals.
• Some of them are metal oxides, metal sulphides and metal carbonates.
• The properties of minerals are hardness, solubility in water and effect of heat.
• Metal oxides do not decompose when heated except silver ocide and mercury oxide that release oxygen.
• Metla sulphides decompose to produce metal oxides and sulphur dioxide gas when heated.
• Most metal react with oxygen to form metal oxides.
• Metals react with oxygen at different rates.
• Metals react at different rates with sulphur to produce metal sulphides.
• There are two types of silicon compounds, which are silica and silicate.
• Silica, or silicon dioxide is made up of silicon and oxygen. Some examples are sand ,quartz and flint.
• Silica is not soluble in water, does not decompose when heated, is acidic and reacts with alkali to produce silicate salt/
• Silica is used to make concrete, mortar, glass and ceramic tiles.
• Silicate consists of silicon, oxygen and metal.
• Examples of silicate are clay, feldsapre, mica, jade, asbestos and ruby.
• Silicate compounds are very stable. They are used to make bricks, cement, roof tiles, flower pots, heat insulator, fire proof clothes and accessories for ladies.
• Calcium is a reactive metal which reacts with other elements to form compounds
• Calcium carbonate consists of calcium, oxygen and carbon.
• Some natural form of calcium carbonate are coral, bone and teeth.
• Calcium carbonate does not dissolve in water. It reacts with acid to form calcium salt and carbon dioxide. It decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide when heated.
• When water is dripped on calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide is produced. Calcium hydroxide solution is produces when it dissolves in water.
• Carbon dioxide reacts with calcium hydroxide solution to produce a precipitate of calcium carbonate.
• Fossil fuels are petroleum, natural gas and coal.
• Petroleum and natural gas are made from remains of dead animals and plants over millions of years ago.
• The dead animals and plants settled to the bottom of sea. Eventually they were buried under mud and sand. High pressure and temperature slowly changed them into petroleum and natural gas.
• Fractional distillation is used to separate petroleum to different components based on their boiling points.
• The petroleum fas which is very volatile is collected first while bitumen is the last product.
• Petroleum can be separated to 8 different components and each of them has different uses.
• The petroleum industry is the major contributor to the development of Malaysian economy.
• Petroleum and natural gas are non-renewable sources of energy. Therefore, they must be used wisely and efficiently.
• Several ways can be done to conserve natural fuel such as the use of public transport, regular maintenance of vehicles, use of alternative sources of energy, development of more efficient vehicles and recycling of materials especially those related to the petrochemical industry.

Kaedah Kajian
Saya menggunakan kaedah kajian sumber bertulis seperti buku dan majalah untuk mengkaji perayaan tradisional saya iaitu… (namakan buku-buku itu)
Saya juga telah menalankan penyelidiakn di Perpustakaan iaitu di…………. (alamat perpustakaan)bagi mendapatkan maklumat tambahan bagi mencari isi tambahan bagi melengkapkan projek ini.
Saya telah mewawancara individu seperti datuk saya / ibu saya/ jiran saya iaitu……, …., …. dan …..(nama) bagi mendapatkan maklumat mengenai perayaan ini.
Saya juga telah melayari laman Internet bagi mengetahui latar belakang perayaan, persiapan, tempoh masa sambutan dengan terperinci iaitu lawan web………………………..
Saya juga telah menggunakan kaedah menonton filem bertajuk …bagi memahami keadaan sebenar peristiwa tersebut.
Saya juga telah melawat (Contoh , Muzium Negara atau Arkib Negara ) bagi mendapatkan maklumat tambahan tentang peristiwa/perayaan yang saya kaji.



Rumusan.
Pengekalan tradisi perayaan ini amat penting bagi pendapat saya kerana dengan ini, kita dapat menghayati budaya tradisi kaum sendiri atau budaya rakyat Malaysia yang lain.

Dengan menjalankan kajian, saya dapat mengkaji Perayaan … yang memberi saya pengalaman dari segi mencari maklumat. Saya telah pergi melawat.. (namakan) demi mencari maklumat. Saya juga memperolehi pengalaman dari segi wujudkan kerjasama antara rakan, peluang mewawancara …. (namakan siapa….)

Sebagai rakyat Malaysia, saya berbangga kerana dapat hidup sejahtera dan dalam kedaan harmoni walaupun Negara saya mempunyai masyarakat berbilang bangsa. Kepelbagaian kaum di Malaysia mencorakkan pelbagai budaya dan cara hidup masyarakat yang berbeza, sekaligus memberi warna kehidupan yang pelbagai kepada Negara yang kita cintai.

Saya amat berbangga mempunyai warisan budaya yang begitu tinggi nilainya. Rakyat kita hidup dengan mengamalkan budaya Kekitaan atau Bersemangat kekitaan (garis nilai) . Bangsa Melayu, Cina , India dan kaum-kaun lain di Malaysia, saling bekerjasama dan tolong menolong antara satu sama lain. Perayaan yang berbilang kaum ini menunjukkan semangat perpaduan antara kaum telah dijalankan..

Rakyat sentiasa mengamalkan perasaan dan semnagat muhibbah atau semangat masyarakat.Walaupun menganut agama dan menjalani hidup yang berbeza amalan daripada segi budaya, masih ada sikap tolak ansur dan toleransi yang tinggi.

Saya amat bangga hidup di dalam negara yang mempunyai pelbagai bangsa dan perayaan sendiri. Sambutan dengan aman bagi setiap perayaan menujukkan negara kita sebuah negara yang kaya dengan keunikan rakyatmya.



Penghargaan


Pertamanya, saya ingin mengucapkan ribuan terima kasih kepada guru saya iaitu Puan Noor Arba’iah Ismail / Puan Latifah kerana dengan bantuannya, saya dapat menyiapkan projek kerja kursus ini dengan jayanya. Tanpa bimbingan guru saya, terutamanya contoh kajian di laman web ‘djlovehistory.blogspot.com’ saya pasti tidak akan dapat menyiapkan projek ini tepat masanya.

Saya juga ingin mengucapkan ribuan terima kasih kepada ibubapa saya iaitu ………………..dan ………………… kerana tanpa sokongan mereka serta keluarga saya, saya tentunya tidak dapat menghapiskan projek kerja kursus saya iaiatu kajian mengenai Stadium Merdeka. Kedua ibubapa saya bukan sahaja memberi sokongan moral, kewangan malah sanggup bersengkang mata bagi menemani saya bagi menyiapkan laporan dan hasil kajian projek kerja kursus.

Saya juga patut berterima kasih kepada portal dan laman web Perpustakaan Negara iaitu www.sejarahmalaysia.com.my dan kerana menyediakan portal yang lengkap berkaitan dengan ‘Stadium Merdeka’ bagi membolehkan saya mendapat maklumat terperinci dengan senang.

Saya juga amat berterima kasih kepada kawan-kawan saya iaitu …………….., ………………, dan ……………………. kerana sama-sama berkongsi idea, maklumat dan rujukan agar kami sama-sama menyiapkan laporan kerja kursus ini.

Tanpa kerjasama semua pihak, saya percaya dan yakin kajian projek kerja kursus saya tidak akan dapat dijalankan dengan jaya.Saya yakin dengan projek kerja kursus ini saya dapat menimba banyak pengalaman berharga terutamanya berkaitan perayaan kaum……….



Bahagian B:
1.Menulis esei yang tidak kurang daripada 100 patah perkataan yang mengandungi pengamalan unsur patriotisme berdasarkan soalan di bawah.

Soalan: Bagaimanakah sambutan tradisi pelbagai kaum dapat memperkukuhkan dan mengekalkan perpaduan dalam kalangan rakyat Malaysia?

Insan yang mempunyai semangat berbangga sebagai rakyat Malaysia dapat dibentuk melalui kajian terhadap perayaan kaum tertentu seperti…………. kerana melalui kajian ini, kita dapat menjaga dan mempertahankan maruah bangsa dan negara dengan mempelajari dan meneruskan perayaan warisan bangsa ini.Dengan meneruskan dan memperkenalkan perayaan ini kepada generasi depan, bermakna mereka juga menyemai perasaan patriotik. Sekaligus menunjukkan bahawa kita menghargai dan mengamalkan tradisi dan budaya bangsa. Dalam ertikata lain, melalui prinsip perayaan ini, kita dapat menunjukkan bahawa kita bangga dengan sejarah bangsa.

Melalui sambutan terhadap perayaasn ini juga , kita dapat menyemai semangat bersatu padu dan berharmoni di antara masyarakat majmuk. Dalam melaksanakan sambutan perayaan ini di Malaysia, kita juga dikehendaki bekerjasama dan tolong menolong antara ahli masyarakat. Semangat muhibah atau semangat bermuafakat yang dibentuk seterusnya akan melahirkan semangat patriotik antara anggota masyarakat.

Dalam melaksanakan sambutan hari perayaan juga, masyarakat Malaysia mestilah menunjukkan semangat disiplin yang tinggi Aktiviti seperti seperti ini juga memerlukan kita mempamerkan sikap bertindak wajar serta mematuhi undang-undang walaupun ketika mengadakan sambutan perayaan kaum masing-masing. Keadaan ini jika disemai berterusan akan melahirkan rakyat Malaysia yang mempunyai disiplin yang tinggi terhadap peraturan negara.

Proses menyambut peristiwa perayaan kaum juga mempamerkan sikap rajin dan gigih . Kita juga mesti menunjukkan sikap berdikari bagi menjayakan sambutan biasanya dilakukan secara kerjasama berpasukan bermula daripada keluarga, kaum, masyarakat dan negara. Dalam proses menjayakan peristiwa ini, kita juga perlu menunjukkan sikap tabah menghadapi cabaran bagi melengkapkan perayaan tersebut. Sikap rajin, tabah dan berdikari ini akan menjadikan warga negara menyemai sikap-sikap ini bagi memajukan negara.

Rakyat Malaysia juga telah memperlihatkan Semangat kekitaan yang tinggi, dengan menunjukkan sikap bersatu padu dan berharmoni. Sikap masyarakat pelbagai kaum yang bertolak ansur dan bertoleransi memudahkan proses hormat menghormati antara satu sama lain. Situasi ini sekaligus akan mengwujudkan keadaan muhibbah atau semanagat bermasyarakat yang tinggi, sekaligus mempu mengwujudkan negara yang aman dan makmur.



Tradisi kaum - melihat perayaan daripada sudut sambutan kaum secara majoriti. Contohnya orang Melayu yang biasanya menyambut Hari Raya. (kalau ada kaum lain, dianggap manoriti)Orang Cina yang menyambut Tahun Baru Cina (walaupun ada yang tidak menyambutnya kerana kelainan agama)

Bahagian A: Kajian bertajuk : Perayaan Tradisi Kaum di Malaysia.
Murid mesti mendapatkan bahan-bahan yang berhubung dengan perayaan (Satu perayaan sahaja)
Hasil kajian mesti mengandungi:
1.Perayaan Tradisi (nama perayaan /nama lain.-pihak/etnik/kaum yang terlibat. -tarikh/tempoh masa dirayakan.dan tujuan perayaan disambut)

2.Latar belakang (sejarah/asal usul perayaan. Upacara khusus dalam perayaan/ individu yang terlibat mengetui perayaan khusus dan tempat khususu sambutan dijalankan)

3.Persiapan sambutan perayaan.(Sebelum, Semasa,selepas,peraturan/pamtang larang/amalan sampingan)

4.Kesan perayaan (kekeluargaan/perpaduan/perlancongan/kebudayaan/peluang pekerjaan/keagamaan/kepercayaan/pengekalan tradisi/pendidikan /pengetahuan - mana-mana empat kesan)

Lokasi: Selangor, Pulau Pinang, Melaka, Johor, Perak .
Tahun Baru Cina
Tahun Baru Cina menandakan hari pertama kalendar Bulan dan perayaan ini disambut selama 15 hari. Limau Mandarin dan putik pohon plum, yang melambangkan kemewahan serta nasib baik, menghias rumah penduduk berbangsa Cina, serta kompleks-kompleks membeli-belah. Tarian naga dan tarian singa berserta paluan gendang yang bersemangat menambahkan lagi suasana meriah perayaan ini. Pada malam sebelum Tahun Baru, ahli keluarga berkumpul menikmati jamuan makan malam, diikuti dengan rumah terbuka meraikan sanak saudara dan sahabat handai pada keesokkan harinya.

Ancaman parti komunis malaya dan darurat

Penyusupan dan kegiatan pengganas komuniss.

1. komunisme ialah suatu fahaman yang menentang sistem feudal dan imperialis secara kekerasan demi menggantikannya dengan pemerintahan yang berasakan fahaman komunis.
2. Sistem feudal merupakan sistem kemasyarakatan yang dikuasai oleh golongan bangsawan.
3. Imperialis ialah negara yang menjajah atau melaksanakan kuasa pemerintahannya ke atas negara lain.
4. Pada pertengahan abad ke-19, komunisme telah diasakan oleh Karl Marx.
5. Karl Marx telah menulis buku buku yang berkaitan dengan fahaman komunis seperti: Das Capital; The germon ideology;; the Communist Manifesto.
6. Perjuangan nasionalisme ialah: Kerajaan memiliknegarakan perindustrian dan tanah; Masyarakat tanpa kelas.
7. Negara-negara seperti Rusia dan China telah menganuti fahaman komunis pada awal kurun ke-20.
8. Parti-parti komunis di Eropah diarahkan oleh Pertubuhan Komunis Antarabangasa atau Communist International supaya menyebarkan ideologi komunis ke seluruh dunia pada Julai 1919.

pendudukan Jepun di negara kita(part2)

Di sarawak, tentera Jepun mendarat di miri, Dari miri tentera Jepun berpecah kepada dua pasukan. Pasukan yang pertamma ke Kuching dan kemudannya ke Sibu. Pasukan yang kedua pula mara ke Sabah melalui Labuan dan seterusnya ke Sandakan. Kemudian, tentera Jepun mara ke kawasan pesisirang pantai kedua dua negeri ini terutama di bandar bandar besar.

Pendudukan Jepun di negara kita(part1)

Pengenalan.

Pendudukan Jepun merupakan suatu peristiwa penting dalam sejarah negara kita. Pemerintahan tentera Jepun di neagara kita berlangsung selama kira kira tiga tahun setengah iaitu dari 15 februari 1942 hingga 12 september 1945. Perubahan besar yang berkalu sepanjang tempoh tersebut telah menyemarakkan semangat kebangasaan di kalangan rakyat.

Pemerintahan tentera Jepun di negara kita adalah bercorak ketenteraan.

Kedatangan Jepun.

Kebangkitan Jepun sebagai sebuah kuasa imperialis bermula dengan pemerintahan Maharaja Mikado Meiji pada tahun 1868.maharaja meiji melancarkan pemulihan yang menekankan pemodenan dan perindustrian/ Negara negara Barat dijadikan model untuk memajukan Jepun. Negara China yang mempunyai banyak bahan mentah dan berpotensi menjadi pasaran barangan Jepun menjadi sasaran awal perluasan kuasa Jepun. Kemenangan Jepun terhadap Rusia dalam Perang Rusia Jepun pada tahun 1905 telah menebabkan jepun dianggap sebagai sebuah kuasa besar.

1895-Jepun memenangi Perang China Jepun Pertama

1905-Jepun memenangi Perang Rusia epun

1910 Jepun menguasai Korea

1932 Jepun menakluki Manchuria

1937 Jepun memenangi Perang China Jepun kedua

1941 Jepun menduduki Indo China

1941 Jepun menyerang Asia tenggara

Perluasan kuasa Jepun juga didorong oleh beberapa faktor terutamanya masalah ekonomi di negara tersebut. Pertambahan penduduk Jepun telah menyebabkan tanah pertaniannya semakin berkurangan. Sebagai sebuah negara industri pula, Jepun memerlukan bekalan bahan mentah seperti petroleum, bijih timah, dan getah. Di samping itu, Jepun juga memerlukan kawasan pasaran baru untuk memasarkan hasil perindustriannya.

Keadaan semakin mendesak pada tahun 1940, apabila Amerika Syarikat mengenakan sekatan ekonomi terhadap Jepun kerana enggan berundur dari negara China. Pihak Jepun berjaya menawan sebahagian negara China setelah meletus perang china jepun kedua pada 1937. Tindakan amerika syarikat itu menyebabkan kerajaan kepun yang dikuasai oleh golongan tentera pimpinan Jepun yang dikuasai oleh golongan tentera pimpinan Jeneral Tojo Menyerang Asia Tenggara untuk membebaskan Jepun daripada sekatan tersebut.Golongan tentera telah mengambil alih pemerintahan negara Jepun sejak Bulan Feb 1936

Sebelum menyerang tanah meayu, pihak jepun telah menggunakan propaganda untuk mempengaruhi penduduk tempatan di negara kita dengan slogan slogan seperti Asia untuk Orang Asia dan semangat Asia. Slogan slogan ini jelas berunsur anti penjajah Barat dan menonjolkan imej Jepun sebagai pembela negara negara timur. Begitu juga dengan rancangan kawasan kesemakmuran bersama asia timur raya oleh pikah Jepun. Strategi ini berkesan sehingga kehadiran tentera Jepun tidak begitu dirasakan sebagai penjajah baru menggantikan British.

Kemaraan tentera Jepun di tanah melayu bermula apabila tentera Jepun mendarat serentak di Thailand (singgora dan pattani) dan di Pantai Sabak, Kota Bharu pada 8Disember1941. Tentera Jepun yang mendarat di Thailand terus mara ke Jitra, Kedah. Kemudian, tentera Jepun berpecah dua, sepasukan ke Pulau Pinang dan meneruskan kemaraan ke selatan melalui pesisiran pantai Barat. Sepasukan lagi, mengikut jalan darat menuju bandar bandar utama di negeri negeri pantai barat. sementara itu, tentera Jepun yang mendarat di Kota Bharu pula mara ke selatan mengikut jalan darat di negeri negeri pantai timur.