form 3, chapter 4, reproduction (summary) plant part

• The flower is the sexual reproductive organ of flowering plants.
• A flower is made up of sepals, petals ,stamen and pistil.
• The stamen which consists of the anther and the filament is the male reproductive part. The ovary produces ovule.
• A bisexual flower contains both the female and male reproductive part.
• A unisexual flower contains either the male or female reproductive part.
• Agents of pollination are insects, wind and water.
• There are two types of pollination which are self pollination and cross pollination.
• Cross pollination is used extensively in agriculture to produce better plants that give higher yields and are more resistant to diseases.
• In plants, fertilization occurs when the nucleus of the male gamete from the pollen grain fuses with the nucleus of the female gamete in the ovule.
• After fertilization, the ovule becomes the seed, the ovary becomes the fruit while the sepals, petals and stamen die and fall off.
• A seed which consists of a testa, micropyle, hilum, plumule, radicle and cotyledon germinate to produce a new plant.
• A germinating seed needs water, oxygen and warmth.
• There are two types of germination which are epigeal and hypogeal germination.
• In epigeal germination, the cotyledons are brought up above the soil surface. In hypogeal germination, the cotyledons remain in the soil.
• Some flowering plants reproduce vegetatively through the stems, leaves or root.
• The different types of vegetative reproduction are through the runner(Grass, sweet potato, strawberry), stem cuttings (tapioca and sugarcane) ,Leaf (bryophyllum and begonia) Sucker (bamboo and banana_, Rhizome (Ginger and lotus), Bulb(onion and lily), Corm (Yam plant and turnip), and Tuber (Potato)
• The ability of plants to reproduce vegetatively contributes to the development of the tissue culture technique.